密云水库小流域非点源污染负荷估算研究

采用Johnes输出系数法以及SCS径流曲线和通用土壤流失方程估算法,对密云土门西沟小流域非点源污染负荷进行估算。结果表明,土门西沟小流域内附着态污染负荷的输出量是溶解态污染物输出量的3倍多,而附着态污染物输出量的大小主要由土壤侵蚀量决定,因此,控制流域内非点源污染的关键是加强该区的水土保持防治工作。Johnes输出系数法可用于观测资料比较缺乏的流域,而SCS径流曲线和通用土壤流失方程估算法除了可以估算总氮、总磷的含量外,还能分别估算出溶解态氮、磷和附着态氮、磷的量,使得防治非点源污染的措施可以更加有针对性。     

基于时域模型的车轮随机动载特性仿真分析

作为随机过程的车辆道路不平度,通用的模拟方法是频域模型,但在对人-车-路系统进行非线性动力学分析研究时,必须获得关于道路的时域模型。本文描述了两种基于路面功率谱模型的道路时域模型重构方法,利用该方法对C级公路路面进行数值模拟,同时建立了汽车的两自由度模型,应用SIMULINK软件仿真分析了车轮的随机动载特性,结果表明分形模型与路面的实际情况接近。     

汉江流域农业面源污染的源解析

农业面源污染是水体污染的重要污染源。为明确汉江流域农业面源污染负荷及其空间分布,运用输出系数法,对2015年汉江流域范围内的13个地市的农业面源污染总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)污染负荷量进行估算,采用等标污染负荷法进行污染评价,再运用GIS软件分析农业面源污染负荷空间分布格局,通过快速聚类法划分汉江流域各地市的农业面源污染类型。结果表明:2015年汉江流域的TN、TP污染负荷量分别为179 127、26 975 t,相应的等标污染负荷量为2.26×10~(11)、1.68×10~(11)m~3;汉江流域农业面源污染TN等标污染负荷贡献率最大的污染源是农田化肥,TP等标污染负荷贡献率最大的污染源是畜禽养殖;TN、TP的等标污染负荷在空间分布上有很强的一致性,但各地市的等标污染负荷仍存在差异,等标污染高负荷区集中在流域中游,TN、TP的等标污染负荷最大值均出现在流域中游的南阳市;基于快速聚类结果确定汉江流域主要有6种污染类型。汉江流域的农业面源氮磷污染物污染负荷和空间分布研究为汉江流域面源污染的防治提供了决策参考。     

Lippia alba (Verbenaceae) hydrolate as sedative of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles in simulated transport conditions

Lippia alba hydrolate (LAH) is produced as a secondary product in essential oil extraction. The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of LAH in a simulation of the transport of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juveniles. A series of 17 hr simulations were performed using load densities of 30, 60 and 90 juveniles per L and four LAH concentrations of 0.4%, 1%, 2% and 5%, with a control of just water. Fish survival, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, pH, ammonia excretion, alkalinity water hardness and net Na⁺, K⁺, Cl^‐ fluxes, were all evaluated before and after the transport simulations. Mucous cell densities in the gills were also determined microscopically, post simulation. The results showed that addition of 5% LAH achieved better survival during the simulation than the water control. Dissolved oxygen was significantly lower with an increased load density. Also, conductivity, NH₄ excretion and net ionic fluxes (K⁺ and Cl^?) were lower with 5% LAH, although mainly where higher load densities were tested. Mucous cell density was lower in LAH concentrations of 2% and 5%, again with higher load densities. In view of these findings, it is suggested that 5% LAH is an effective sedative for use in the transport of tambaqui, mainly with high load densities. This work is the first study of LAH and highlights its potential applications in aquaculture management.     

人字形花纹轮胎压实土壤垂直应力分布规律研究

为了完善人字形花纹轮胎在影响因素下压实土壤形成的垂直应力分布规律,并且明确这些因素对于垂直应力的影响,该文使用应力传感器在自主设计并搭建的单轮土槽试验台架上,进行人字形花纹轮胎压实土壤表层垂直应力分布规律的研究,并利用多元线性回归法建立垂直应力和影响因素之间的预测方程,主要结果:1)当胎压为69kPa时,土壤-轮胎表层垂直应力分布曲线相对平坦并且垂直应力峰值渐渐发生在距离轮胎边缘1/4处,而当胎压为138和207kPa时,垂直应力峰值发生在轮胎中心处;2)载荷对于垂直应力的影响最大,然后依次是胎压、行驶速度、纵向距离和横向距离;3)垂直应力与胎压和行驶速度成线性关系,与载荷、横向距离和纵向距离成抛物线关系;4)轮刺产生的垂直应力是胎面产生的垂直应力的1.2～2.3倍,而且越靠近轮胎宽度方向的边缘,轮刺的影响越大。研究结果能够对拖拉机的通过性分析提供有力的理论分析依据,基于建立的预测方程,在实际应用中通过改变这些影响因素值的大小,减小垂直应力,从而减小土壤压实。该研究可为拖拉机的通过性分析提供理论依据。     

预应力空心板先简支后连续受力性能研究

先简支后连续结构,不仅具有简支梁桥施工简便的优点,而且保证桥梁的行车平顺。本实验基于预应力空心板先简支后连续的结构特征和受力特点,进行荷载试验和极限承载能力的加载试验,同时与预应力简支空心板作对比试验。试验结果表明,先简支后连续结构明显优于桥面连续的结构。     

新型哑铃形轴压长柱面外力学性能分析

对不同长细比的新型哑铃形钢管混凝土轴压长柱进行了试验研究.结果表明,在加载过程中,试件的弹塑性和延性都很好,失稳模式为整体失稳.与传统哑铃形长柱相似,试件的面外极限承载力和弹塑性阶段切向刚度均随着试件长细比的增大而减小.在长细比相同情况下,新型哑铃形轴压长柱由于中间部分H型钢加劲的联结形式,其面外稳定性远强于其两肢单圆...     

Sliding friction test analysis of TiAlN/TiN coatings on 40Cr steel

TiAlN/TiN duplex coating is made on the surface of 40Cr steel by means of multi-arc ion plating technology. Carrying capacity and tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN duplex coating are investigated with a UMT-2 wear tester without lubrication. The surface morphology of wear specimens are observed by scanning electron microscope(SEM). Elements of wear scar center and their content are analyzed by EDS. Tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN coating are evaluated through comparing with 40Cr in friction coefficient and wear volume. The results show that tribological properties of TiAlN/TiN duplex coating is better than 40Cr. The TiAlN/TiN films is superior in reducing friction and wear resistance, and can successfully resist abrasive wear and adhesive wear.     

The effects of nitrogen sludge load and DO on high concentration nitrous nitrifying system

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of nitrogen sludge load and dissolved oxygen(DO) on nitrite nitrification system. The following conclusions have been drawn based on the experimental data and analysis results: 1) The ammonium degradation rate and the nitrous accumulation rate of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system decline with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is less than two days, the ammonium degradation rate rapidly declines to 25%~29% with the increase of NH+4-N sludge load. When HRT is beyond two days, the ammonium rate of the system slowly falls to 50%~60% with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 2.5 days or 3 days, the declined trend of the system nitrous accumulation rate is not obvious with the NH+4-N sludge load increased. When HRT is 5 days, the decrease of nitrous accumulation rate is caused by the adaptation of sludge. So the NH+4-N sludge load of high concentration nitrous accumulation system should not be too high; 2)With the increase of DO, the ammonium degradation of high concentration nitrous nitrifying system is gradually increased. When the DO is less than 0.7 mg/L, it is not conductive to the ammonium degradation. When the DO is higher than 2 mg/L, the oxide of NH+4-N is changed into the increased of NO3-N and the nitrous accumulation rate declined. If the concentration of DO is controlled within 0.7to 1.3 mg/L, the high concentration nitrous nitrifying system can have a good NH+4-N degradation rate and nitrous accumulation rate.     

Atmospheric Environmental Impact Simulation of Gas Fired Boilers as Peak Load Heat Sources

Heating with gas can reduce air pollutant emission and therefore becomes a new sort of peak load heat source. To study the atmospheric environmental impact, we adopted a newly built combined heating system and simulated its pollutant dispersion for centralized and distributed peak heating. The simulations were based on the improved regulatory environmental impact assessment (EIA) guidelines for atmospheric environment. The model developed an algorithm for infill wind direction simulation and exported pollutant contours for comparisons. Simulation results show that the system's atmospheric environmental impact is related not only to the pollution emission quantity per quantificational heating, but also to the distribution of heat resource in the gas fired boilers. The centralized peak heating has comparatively small environmental impact; for distributed peak heating, the more concentration of gas fired boilers distribution is applied, the more serious environmental impact will be. In addition, the optimum setting proportion of gas fired boilers should be between 0.2 and 0.6 from the perspective of environmental impact.